Is Democracy a Better form of Government Essay Example for Free

Is Democracy a Better form of Government EssayDemocracy is the best form of government manifestly because no otherwise form of government is known to work well. Democracy may have its flaws but all in all it works actually fluidly. Socialism, for example, does not even come close to the best form of government. One can easily see this in Greeces current state. Democracy has never lead to complete government disorder like one can see Socialism does. Democracy allows us the freedom to choose. The majority of our country is allowed to choose what they determine is best for them. It is not just one person deciding what they think is best for everyone else.Democracy will always win out over other forms of government. This process can happen through voting. Right to vote is a human right of every citizen. Political Rights form a distinct folk of Human Rights. Right to vote, right to contest at elections and the right to hold public office are considered crucial political rights . A democracy seems to be the most stable form of government yet. No one person has power. No one ideology is deemed better than another. In a democracy, if something doesnt work, it can and should be changed by the populace. Theocracies, monarchies and socialism all have their downsides.Democracy isnt perfect, but that form of government seems to be the most peaceful, especially in America. What difference does it make to the dead, the orphans and the homeless, whether the dotty destruction is wrought under the name of totalitarianism or in the holy name of liberty or democracy? ? Mahatma Gandhi Peoples democracy is the lifeblood of socialism. As an important part of the overall reform, political restructuring must be constantly deepened along with economic and social development to adapt to the growing enthusiasm of the people for booking in political affairs.

Excel based problems Essay Example for Free

Excel based problems EssayThe fund- base of operations financial statements of Jefferson county have completed for the year 2012 and appear in the first tab of the excel spreadsheet provided with this exercise. The following information is also availablea. Capital Assets Capital assets purchased in previous years in governmental part funds totaled $752,000 (net of accumulated depreciation) as of January 1, 2012. Depreciation on capital assets used in governmental- type activities amounted to $79,500 for 2012 No capital assets were sold or sell of in 2012 and all purchases are properly reflected in the fund-basis statements as capital expenditures. b. Long-term Debt Thither was no outstanding long-term debt associated with governmental- type funds as of January 1, 2012. April 1, 2012, 6 percent sequesters with a face value of $ 700,000 were issued in the amount of $ 720, 000. Bond payments are made on October 1 and April 1 of each year. quest is based on an annual rate of 6 pe rcent and principal payments are $ 17, 500 each. The first payment (Interest and principal) was made in October 1. Amortization of the bond premium for the current year is $1,000.c. Deferred Revenues Deferred revenues (comprised solely of property taxes) are expected to be collected more than 60 days after year-ed. The balance of deferred taxes at the end of 2011 was $18,200d. Transfers Transfers were between governmental-type funds.e. Internal Service Fund The (motor pool) internal service funds revenue is predominantly derived from departments classified as governmental-type activities There were no amounts due to the internal service fund from the General fund. The outstanding balance of due to other funds was with the Enterprise Fund and is not capital related. The green light fund provided a long-term advance to the internal service fund (not capital related). RequiredUse the excel template provided to complete the following fatality aseparate tab is provided in Excel for eac h of these steps. 1. Prepare the journal entries necessary to convert the governmental fund financial statements to the accrual basis of accounting2. Post the journal entries to the conversion worksheet provided3. Prepare a governmental-wide Statement of Activities and statement of authorise Assets for the year 2012. All of the governmental fund revenues are world-wide revenues. This is an involved problem, requiring many steps. Here are some hints.a. Tab 1 is information to be used in the problem. you do not enter anything hereb. After you make the journal entries (Tab2), post these to the worksheet to convert to the accrual basis. This worksheet is set up so that you enter Debit as positive numbers and ascribe as negative. After enter you post your entries, look at the numbers below the total reference work Colum to see that debits equal credits. If not, you probably entered a credit as a positive number.c. Make sure that total debits equal total credits in the last column (ba lances for Government-wide statements )d. When calculating Restricted Net Assets, recall that permanent fund principal is added to restricted fund balances.

The Virtuous Beings Essay Example for Free

The Virtuous Beings EssayModern society glorifies people for much pettier accomplishments when compared to that of the antique times. During the twenty-first century, a convicted felon whitethorn come back after serving a pri give-and-take sentence and present himself as a figure of perfection. Less than five years ago, a football player, named Michael Vick was arrested and convicted of illegal actions involving the maltreatment of domesticated animals.Shortly after serving his sentence, he was once again beloved by his fans and rewarded with a phenomenal shoot which would be worth wild in any corresponding disembodied spirittime. Looking at these examples, its easy to see how corrupted society is today. In the ancient worldly concern, their society was very much virtuous. Because of the different virtues of the time, it took a great deal more to deform a public idol to the people. Virtuous figures from the ancient world are Gilgamesh, Abraham, Moses, and Odysseus.Gilgames h, a seemingly corrupt leader, later embarks on a humbling journey which helps him to discover the true meaning of life Moses, an honest and enduring man, has his true values highlighted as God chooses him to lead his people out of captivity Abraham, an apparent commonplace man, is presented as a bold man-to-man who is not afraid to prove his allegiance to God and Odysseus is a prime example of a hero in the ancient world who has his own ups and downs during a touch-and-go and eventful journey back home to the people he has al delegacys loved.When connecting Ma 2 a figure like Gilgamesh to the likes of a movie player of modern society, it is impossible to ignore the contrast in inherent virtues of the people of the time. As Gilgamesh begins, Gilgamesh is actually quite the opposite of virtuous he is a lust-driven, tyrannous ruler who exercises harsh and humble will upon his people.However, Gilgameshs progression towards becoming a virtuous individual is evident almost immedia tely as he becomes a companion of his ex-adversary, Enkidu. In fact, Gilgamesh and Enkidu go on to complete several tasks together tasks that neither of them would cede accomplished without one another.Similarly, Gilgamesh again proves his drastic sort in character as he rejects Ishtar, a longing prostitute. Although Ishtar promises Gilgamesh a life of pleasure and riches, he responds by asking Ishtar how would it go for me? (Gilgamesh, 24). Gilgamesh is reminding Ishtar that her past lovers had build her like a brazier which smoulders in the cold, a backlight which keeps out neither squall of wind nor storm (Gilgamesh, 24), emphasizing that Ishtars previous husbands had all stock poor treatment from her. This signifies how much Gilgameshs character has changed.If he held the same ethics as before, he would have accepted Ishtars offer without hesitation. However, he is becoming a much more virtuous individual with greater concerns than mere self-gratification. Soon, Gilgamesh ha s even built a nice city for his people, abandoning his glory, wealth, and power to become a better individual. He is no longer self-indulged, and the death of his close friend Enkidu has truly humbled him. On a quest to find the hidden to immortality, Gilgamesh realizes that what he should actually be seeking is to become a better king to his people and a more virtuous individual in general.Gilgamesh uses his new-sprung(prenominal) wisdom to create a legacy for himself, serving as a prime example that the ancient times required much more from an individual to be certified as virtuous. Ma 3 Similarly, the Bible presents a series of examples which emphasize the difference in modern virtues from the virtues of the ancient world. Specifically, in the parole of Genesis, God tells Abraham to take his only son, and offer him as a burnt offering on one of the mountains (Genesis 22. 23). Proving his undeniable allegiance to God, Abraham leads his only son to the mountain and builds an al tar for sacrifice.Right before Abraham was going to strike his son, an angel of the Lord interrupted, telling him not to lay his hands on his son, and then added because you have done this, I will indeed bless(prenominal) you (Genesis 22. 16). Because of Abrahams blatant devotion to the Lord, he is rewarded with a blessing and a promise to make his materialization as numerous of the stars of heaven (Genesis 22. 17). Abrahams display of loyalty is significant as anyone who would do this in the modern world would certainly be deemed fruity rather than allegiant, further emphasizing the difference in virtues today to that of the ancient world.Another example in the Bible may be seen as Moses is chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of virtue. The fact that God chose Moses, an unassuming and ordinary figure of the time, proves that the leaders of the ancient times were not known, good looking, or wealthy like the leaders of today. In fact, Moses is even described as having a speec h impediment. Despite his uncertainty, Moses put everything aside and did what God told him to do and set up his calling to lead the Israelites out of captivity. After Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt, a close-knit community was formed, and the people and God would agree on a pact.This covenant was very closely followed and viewed as a necessity to live a virtuous life. Although Christians still live the same covenant with God today, it is much less closely followed than it was during the ancient times. Ma 4 Finally, The Odyssey is another telling example which helps to differentiate the virtues of the ancient times to today. In The Odyssey, Odysseus, the king of Ithaca, has been trying to find his way home for twenty years. Ever since the beginning of his trip, Odysseus is introduced as a strong and authoritative figure.However, his journey is filled with temptation, and Odysseus does give in at times. This may be seen when Odysseus chooses to sleep with Circe, despite his y earning to return home to his wife Penelope. This is the complete opposite of a virtuous deed, and it does not go unnoticed. Calypso, a nymph who move in love with Odysseus, takes note of the disparity among the gods. She is fairly irritated by the fact that male gods may sleep with mortal lovers, while the affairs of the pistillate gods are considered unacceptable, as Calypso describes by saying, you hate it when we choose to lie with men (Odyssey, 281).This emphasizes the double standard among the gods even in the ancient times, outsiders could see how untimely it was to have a love affair Calypso is helping to point out the prevalent awareness of equality of the time. Although Odysseus is looked upon as a heroic figure, his immoral actions are highlighted and criticized. In modern society, many public figures would instead have their abrasive actions swept under the rug. After reflecting upon the examples of the ancient world, it becomes clear that there is a wide division be tween ancient and modern views of what to expect from a human being.In the modern world, simply being wealthy or famous would allow a person to share in the immunity of a God in the ancient world. Today, greed plays a large part in the outcome of everything. Unlike in Gilgamesh, mortality does not change people for the better instead, people become more self-centered. As a result, todays society has become just as savage as students read approximately in books Ma 5 about prehistoric times. Modern life may be compared to a popularity contest, whereas in the ancient world, individuals were required to make names for themselves.Its no wonder why the people we read about such as Gilgamesh and Moses are viewed as fables or myths nowadays, only a handful of people may be classified as anything close to their status. In the modern world, these people are praised and worshiped because there are no others quite like them. It should be made a point to try to work toward having a community fu ll of people like Gandhi and Gilgamesh instead of having a society which only looks up to them. This way, society would be able to present a more accurate depiction of a community which aspires to be virtuous.

Nonmetric Analysis of Jawbones for Sex Determination

Nonmetric Analysis of Jaw fig outs for Sex DeterminationABSTRACTAIMS OBJECTIVESMandible is the strongest, queen-sizedst, hardest near durable rise of the skull which retains its underframe better than other swot ups in forensic write up and exhibiting high degree of put forwardual dimorphism. To correction the nonmetric characteristics of mandible much(prenominal) as the variations of spurt of chin up, trim back jump of mandible and shape of coronoid process and to distinguish amidst males and females.MATERIALS AND METHODS The material for this study comprised of 90 dry adult human mandibles of known perk up which was obtained from Department of Anatomy. The characteristic bear that allowed the conjurees to be distinguished was the contour of the lower circumvent of mandible, shape of the chin and shape of coronoid process bi ulteriorally.RESULTS Rocker- cause mandibles predominated in males (58.9%), whereas most females (41.1%) exhibited a straight mandible. The shape of the chin in most males was generally Bilobate (45.5%), Squ ar (43.6%), whereas the chin in females was Pointed (71.4%).Shapes of coronoid process observed were three-sided (41.1%), Rounded (31.1%), and pluck in (27.8%) with p valueCONCLUSION The nonmetric analysis of mandible used in this study could be used for sex determination.Key words rhetorical anthropological, Mandible, Non metric characteristics sex determination.IntroductionIn forensic investigation identifying the human remains is thought to be a first step is crucial for futher analysis.1 The sex determination in human skeleton is usually the initial step in the identification process as subsequent methods for age and stature devotion are sex dependent. The accuracy of sex determination depends on the completeness of the remains and the degree of sexual dimorphism inherent in the population.2 When the complete adult skeleton is visible(prenominal) for analysis sex can be determined up to hundred percent (10 0%) accuracy, but in cases of fragmented bones which are usually anchor in mass disasters, obtaining cent percent (100%) accuracy in sex determination is difficult and it largely depends on the available fragmented bones of skeleton.1, 2As evident from the earlier studies, the most dimorphic and considerably distinguish portion of skeleton among sexes after pelvis is skull, providing accuracy up to 92%.1 alone in cases where intact skull is not found, in sex determination mandible may play a vital role, as it is the most durable, largest, strongest , and dimorphic bone of skull.1-4 Mandible is very durable part of skull bone due to the presence of a dense layer of compact bone, and hence remains well uphold than many other bones. The shape and size of mandible reflects the dimorphism characteristics.1 Female bones are generally smaller and less robust than male bones.2This characteristic feature of mandible helps in sex and age determination in medico legal cases. In anthropolog ical excavations, the morphometric features of the mandible aid to determine the sex, age, food habits and slipstream of the population and also helps to understand the cave dweller / human evolution.5 The relative development such as size, strength, and angulation of the muscles of mastication is known to influence the expression of mandibular dimorphism as masticatory forces exerted are different for males and females.6The shape of the mandible can vary according to the different lifestyles and chewing habits .7Therefore, the morphological characteristics of the mandible vary among different heathen groups. There are several causes of differences in the shape of the mandible between the sexes8. The shape and size of the mandible appear to differ between the sexes from the development of the broad-leafed tooth. Also, the size of the masticatory muscles and mandible appear to differ between males and females before birth9. The size of the ramus differs between males and females according to the stage of mandibular development and muscle growth.10,11 Further more(prenominal), the mandible confirm different lay of growth in males and females.12,13 Because puberty occurs earlier in females than in males, sexual differences may manifest themselves in the skull and jaws of females earlier than in the later and longer maturing males.14 For the determination of the of males and females mandible many attempts have been made with help of metric standards.15-17 However, metric methods have their disadvantages by their requirement of a complete mandible. use nonmetric methods, Bass18 found that the shape of the chin could be used to distinguish between males and females. In addition, Loth and Henneberg 19 in his reported cases showed that there is a large difference in the exure of the ramal posterior border during male and female Africans that can be used to differentiate the sexes with 99% reliability. In addition, it was reported that there are discrete differe nces in the gonial aring of the mandible between the sexes20.In this study we investigated the criteria that can be used to differentiate between males and females by using the non-metric characteristics of mandible such as variation of contour of lower border of mandible, shape of the chin and variation in shape of coronoid process in mandibles.MATERIALS AND METHODThe present study was undertaken on 90 dry adult, complete, undamaged human mandibles of known sex from the collection of Anatomy department. Out of 90 mandibles 53 were of males and 37 of females and were examined for the variations shape of lower border, shape of the chin and shape of coronoid process of both the left and right side of the mandible. The shape of the chin was separate according to the thickness of the mandible in front of and beneath the chin, the prole of the chin according to amount of protrusion of the chin observed from the side, the contour of the lower border of the mandible was classified accordi ng to the depth of the antegonial notch, variations in the shape of the coronoid process in right and left sides of adult bones of both sexes were noted and tabulated.The nonmetric items observed in this study is as follows1. The contour of the lower border of the mandible (fig 1)Straight/rocker/undulating2. The shape of the chin (fig 1)Bilobate/square/pointed3 Coronoid process of mandible (fig 1)Hooked, move and angularINCULSION CRITERIA well-formed mandibleEXCULSION CRITERIA Fractured, deformed, bony growths of Coronoid process osteochondroma were excluded from the study.Data were analyzed using a chi-square test p value of 0.05 was obtained which showed that this study was statistically significant.RESULTSRocker-shaped mandibles predominated in males (58.9%), whereas most females (41.1%) exhibited a straight mandible. The shape of the chin in most males was generally Bilobate (45.5%), Square (43.6%), and Pointed (10.9%), whereas the chin in females was either Square (8.6%) or Bilobated (20.0%) Pointed (71.4%).Shapes of coronoid process observed were Triangular (41.1%), Rounded (31.1%), and Hook in (27.8%) with p valueDiscussionDifferentiating features of males from females and the differences in ethnic groups by analyzing the morphological characteristics of bone is important in the eld of physical and forensic anthropology. Sound bone is difcult to obtain because the quality of bone deteriorates over time due to factors such as environment-induced erosion. In sex determination examination of the pelvic bone is the most accurate means, but this bone is rarely found intact. Skull is most easily distinguishing portion of the skeleton as a part of the skull mandible shares its own characteristics. The mandible is the strongest and largest bone in the human body and persists in a well-preserved state longer than any other bone. Hence mandibular characteristics are significantly useful for determining sex and race. The shape of the chin and the lower border o f the mandible had a different shape between males and females in the present study.The shape of the chin is used widely to distinguish between the sexes, because the male chin is usually bilobate /square whereas the female chin is more pointed. Similar observations were made in the present study specifically, 90.7% of males had either a bilobate or square chin, whereas 72.2% of females had a pointed chin. However, while the shape of the chin is more distinctive in males than in females, sex determination based only on the shape of the chin is not sufciently reliable.The characteristic that was the most distinguishable between the sexes in this study was the shape of the lower border of the mandible. The lower borders of mandibles from males tended to be rocker shaped (58.9%), whereas lower borders of mandibles from females tended to be straight (41.1%) (Table1). Therefore, the shape of the lower border of the mandible may be used as a reliable index for sex determination. However, we believe that using only this characteristic is not sufciently reliable for sex determination instead, evaluating both the shape of the chin and the shape of the lower border of the mandible improve the precision of sex determination. When these two items were combined, 90.7% of males exhibited the characteristics of male mandibles (a bilobate or square chin and a rocker-shaped lower border of the mandible), whereas 77.2% of females exhibited the characteristics of female mandibles (a pointed chin and a straight lower border of the mandible, (Table3). Few males (9.3%) had a pointed chin and a straight lower border, which are characteristics of females, while 27.7% of the females exhibited mandibular characteristics that were characteristic of males (Table 3). Therefore, the probability of assignment the incorrect sex to a mandible when examining both the shape of the chin and the shape of the lower border of the mandible is very low. Moreover, the shape of the chin is the most di stinctive characteristic in males (90.7%), whereas the lower border of the mandible is the most distinctive characteristic in females (77.2%). Therefore, we can determine the sex using the adjacent two-step approach. During the rst step in determining sex based on the characteristics of the mandible, if the lower border of the mandible is rocker shaped, it is likely to be the mandible of a male, but if the lower border is straight, it is likely to be the mandible of a female during the second step, if the chin of the mandible that has a straight lower border is bilobate/square, it is likely to be the mandible of a male whereas pointed and straight is likely to be of female.Shapes of coronoid process observed were Triangular (41.1%),Rounded (31.1%), and Hook in (27.8%) where Triangular and twitch shape had slight male predilection and triangular and rounded had slight more of female predilection(Table 4).Issac B21reported in a study of 157 mandibles incidence of hook shaped was 27. 4%, triangular 49% and rounded geek 23.6%.He found the incidence of the rounded type almost equal in male and female mandibles, triangular type slightly more in the females, while hook type more in the male mandibles. Comparing with Issac B the incidence of hook type was closely similar to the present study, but triangular and rounded shape incidence observed was more in males and so the findings did not coincide with the author.CONCULSIONThe differences between the sexes and among ethnic groups the morphological characteristics of the mandible are determined by the environment and different growth patterns. Therefore, males and females can be distinguished based on the shapes of versatile parts of the mandible. We found that the simultaneous use of the shape of the lower border of the mandible and the shape of the chin is the best method of predicting sex with a rate of accuracy that is higher than 90% and the morphological variation of shapes of coronoid .Triangular shape of cor onoid process is the most common presentation .Incidence of Triangular, Rounded and Hook shape were found more in the in male bones compared to female bones. The above findings could be of substantial significance for the anatomist, anthropologist and forensic researchers.

Defining And Analysing Groupwork Social Work Essay

Defining And Analysing conclave hammer Social train EssayGroups whitethorn be defined in many ways, indeed providing an positive definition of a convention, as with much of the theory around group bunk, is highly problematic and contestable. However for the purposes of discussing groupwork in spite of appearance a context of working with boyish people we may define a group as a small gathering of young people. Group work may simplistically be set forth as the study and application of the processes and outcomes experienced when a small group comes together.Konopka (1963) defines groupwork as a method of social work that is utilised in crop to help individuals to enhance their social functioning through purposeful group experiences, and to cope more effectively with their private, group or community problems. This definition shows a tradition at bottom groupwork of helping individuals with problems. Brown provides a modernised and more comprehensive definition of group work (1994, p.8). He states that groupwork provides a context in which individuals help each other it is a method of helping groups as well as helping individuals and it stomach enable individuals and groups to influenceand changepersonal, group, organisational and community problems (original emphasis). He goes on to distinguish between relatively small and neighbourhood centred work and macro, societal and political approaches within community work, explaining that only the former may be mightily classified as groupwork.Thus the role of groupwork cannister be seen as one which places emphasis on sharing of thoughts, ideas, problems and activities.Roles within GroupsEach individual within a group has a role to play in the development of that group to a greater or lesser extent. Through observation, understanding of difference, sentience of personal resourcesand effective communication(Douglas, 1995), each member may affect group processes and individual emotions. Roles develop with in groups two through formal appointment and because of the personal characteristics and interpersonal relationships that develop between members. Roles which develop can be constructive and support the group and its members in achieving its goals, or can be destructive and work against the overall group aims. Individuals within the group can develop several roles and at times these may conflict. For example a PTV member who was designated as leaderfor a specific task, also played a clownand was fond of practical jokes. The fooling around led to a lack of trust from other group members creating a conflict with the leadership role.As the group begins to develop an understanding of four things can be attaindObservation the way we behave is based upon what we observe of ourselves, and what we make of others and their reactions to us.Differences personally and socially generated the effects they have on behaviour and understanding.Resources frequently stemming from difference plainly are the source of potential power for a group and an individual.Communication considered to be natural but subject to many barriers that remain largely unknown unless a conscious effort is made to catch them(Douglas, 1995, p. 80-97)Through supportive roles, groups may play a part in reducing oppression generated externally to the group. Groupwork can be used as a medium for oppressed groups to help these groups adjust in society, and moreover to help society to adjust towards these groups. This can be achieved by individual refilling in which we can help individuals to adjust to social life and manage tension gain confidence, high self esteem, and in getting and retentivity employment etc.. Societal or community rehabilitation involves helping the society to have meaningful contact with individuals and groups which are discriminated against and oppressed (Osei-Hwedie, Mwansa, and Mufune, 1990, p. 188).Preston-Shoot describes groupwork creating a palpate of belonging and mutua l identity encouraging the formation of relationships which foster mutual identification and influence, thus feelings of isolation and singularity with issues of difference and oppression may be reduced. Also, the group may be encouraged to use its internal resources to move towards individual or group problem-resolution, reducing feelings of helplessness, building self worth, and discourage worker dependency (Preston-Shoot, 1987, p. 6-28). Smith concurs with this view of the suitability of groupwork, stating Groups are obvious sites of interaction and within them a sense of connectedness or community with others can be fostered (Smith, 1994, p.111). This connectedness is a valuable tool with which to take exception discrimination and oppression, for as Piven and Cloward argue, it is only when we act collectively that change can begin (Piven and Cloward, 1993). purpose Group Work Double Edged Sword?To state that group work is not an exact science is something of an understatement . As we have seen, it is problematic to even off define what is meant by a group as no absolute definition exists. Similarly most, if not all, concepts within group work theory can be, and are, contested.Groups are extremely important in the lives of all individuals. Johnson and Johnson (1975, p1-2) state many of our goals can be achieved only with the cooperation and coordination of others.However the success of any group depends on the ability of its members to exchange ideas freely and to feel involved in the life and decisions of the group (Massallay, 1990). All groups within youth work have goals, i.e. a emerging state of affairs. It is important that short term and long term goals are set realistically if the group is to develop and function effectively. These functions are achieved through the trouble of leadership and the development of individual roles within each group.A group is said to be successful if it1. accomplishes group tasks2. maintains the group internally, an d3. develops and adapts to improve effectiveness.(Massallay, 1990)Groupwork can be used as an effective tool for many youth work situations, not least of which is as a medium for challenging oppression both within groups and individuals. Thus, we have seen the emergence and development of girls issue groups and black young peoples projects that offer mutual support as well as working to challenge oppression. Yet we have seen that through the development stages of a groups life there are many opportunities for individuals to develop and focus oppressive behaviour internally within a group.A grasp of theoretical understanding of group behaviour and functioning can help to explain individual and group behaviour, and help us to achieve our ultimate aim as youth workers, that of informal education. It is important not to treat group work as an exact science with authoritative answers. Indeed many of the questionswe must ask ourselves are unclear, thus the answersare a best guess, or a b enchmark that we can develop on and work around.Finally, let us consider briefly the historical context of group work development and the purpose it has not only within youth work, but society at large. As Taylor reminds us A moments reflection shows that the social groupwork beloved of liberalism is the product of the American capitalist concern to develop more sophisticated management techniques (Taylor, 1987, p. 140). Let us be careful to use group work to promote democracy and not fall into the trap of using group work as yet another tool for promoting social control in a capitalistic state. Student Youth Work Online 1999-2001 Please continuously reference the author of this page.References Recommended ReadingAdair, J. (1988) Effective LeadershipLondon PanBarker, L. L., Cegala, D. J., Kibler, R. J. and Wahlers, K. J. Groups In ProcessNew Jersey, USA Prentice-HallBond, T. (1986) Games for Social and Life SkillsLondon HutchinsonBrandes, D. and Phillips, H (1977) Gamesters Handbo okGreat Britain Stanley ThornesBrown, A. (1994) Groupwork 3rdEditionGreat Yarmouth Ashgate issueDearling, A. and Armstrong, H. (1994) The New Youth Games BookGreat Britain Russell House PublishingDouglas, T. (1983) Groups Understanding People Gathered TogetherLondon RoutledgeDouglas, T. (1995) Survival In Groups The Basics of Group MembershipBuckingham Open University PressDynes, R. (1990) Creative Games in GroupworkGreat Britain Winslow PressGarland, J. Jones, H. and Kolody, R. (1968) A model for stages of development in social workgroups in Bernstein, S. (Ed.) Explorations in GroupworkBoston Boston University School of Social WorkHeap, K. (1977) Group Theory for Social WorkersGreat Britain Pergamon PressKonopka, G. (1963) Social Group Work a Helping Process Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice HallLeech, N. and Wooster, A. D. (1986)Personal and Social Skills A Practical Approach for the ClassroomGreat Britain RMEPMassallay, J. L. (1990) Methods, Techniques and Skills of Youth and C ommunity Work Community Action and Group Work Chapter 4. In Osei-Hwedie, K., Mwansa, L-K. and Mufune, P. (Eds.) Youth and Community Work PracticeZambia Mission PressOsei-Hwedie, K., Mwansa, L-K. and Mufune, P. (1990) Youth and Community Work Practice Methods, Techniques and SkillsZambia Mission PressPiven, F. F. and Cloward, R. A. (1993) Regulating the scurvy The Functions of Public Welfare USA Vintage BooksPreston-Shoot, M. (1987) Effective GroupworkHampshire MacmillanRogers, C. R. (1967) The process of basic encounter group In Bugental, J. F. T. (Ed.) TheChallenges of Human PsychologyNew York McGraw-HillSessoms, H. Massachusetts, D. and Stevenson, J. L. (1981) Leadership and Group Dynamics in Recreation ServicesUSA Allyn and BaconSmith, M. K. (1994) Local Education Community, Conversation, PraxisGreat Britain Open University PressTaylor, T. (1987) Youth Workers as Character Builders Chapter 9. In Jeffs, T and Smith, M. (Eds.) Youth WorkBasingstoke MacMillanTuckman, B. W. (1965) Developmental Sequences in Small Groups in Psychological BulletinNo. 63 p. 384-399http//youthworkcentral.tripod.com/sean3.htm

American Views on Sexuality

American Views on Sexuality(Jump to)IntroductionDiscussionAmericans Contacts with HomosexualsLGBT Americans OpinionsSocial betrothal by American SocietyReligious BeliefReferencesINTRODUCTIONBeing a bisexual means getting attracted to both mess of their own gender and virtually other gender also. Women who get attracted to the female gender be known as lesbians and similarly the men who get attracted to the male gender ar known as dauntless. The bisexual women and men get attracted to both the male and the female gender. Getting attracted to the same gender is also known as oddity.The attitudes towards the homosexuality differ in different cultures, because all the cultures moderate their own values regarding sexuality. Some countries approve the homosexual behavior whereas some disapproves it. The research has been done and it is found that the certain populations have accepted the homosexuality more than than others.Homosexuality may be illegal in some countries, but wh ere it is legal, there a shape up has been defined and that fester differs from country to country. Homosexuality is neither a mental illness not a matter of an individuals choice. It does not threaten the healthy and batten homosexuals. Therefore, there is no need to oppress the homosexuality.But in our society, discrimination occurs daily against gays, lesbians and bisexual masses which greatly affect them ( jolly, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues). due to which the gay, lesbian and the bisexual people feel depression and the relationship problems same as the heterosexual people feel.DISCUSSIONI agree with your statement, as in my opinion also, being a lesbian or bisexual wo worldly concern is more accepted than being a gay or bisexual man by the current American society. A research has been done and it has been found out that the most Americans dont bother while getting environ by the homosexuals. Various studies has been done and results into various factors, such as82% of the Americans dont bother when around homosexuals (Views of Gay Man and Lesbians, Roots of Homosexuality, own(prenominal) Contacts with Gays, 2013).Whereas, 14% of the Americans govern that, it bothers them while surrounded by homosexuals.In 2003, about 76% of the Americans do not bother to be around homosexuals. Few age ago, the balance between the gay and the lesbians was not fortunate. AsGay men were viewed favorable only by the 37 % of the Americans, whereas 51% of the Americans viewed them as unfavorably.Lesbian women were viewed favorable only by the 39 % of the Americans, whereas 48% of the Americans viewed them as unfavorably.By a 2 % margin, the American people are more favorable to lesbian women than gay men.But today,58% of the American people view the lesbian women favorably while only 29% of the Americans view them as unfavorably.And, 55% to 32% margins (Views of Gay Man and Lesbians, Roots of Homosexuality, Personal Contacts with Gays, 2013) have favorable views towar ds gay men than unfavorable views.Still, the percentages of Americans who have the favorable views towards lesbian women are more than the ones who have favorable views towards the gay men.The workplace has found out that the Americans views are rapidly changes to acceptance of gay men and lesbian women with time (Harms, 2011). Americans now approve the same-sex relations and moreover, they come through the lesbians and gays the freedom of expression.Moreover, public have different views about the fact that why people are lesbian and gay? And, about 42% of the public thinks that the people choose themselves to live as gay or lesbian. About 8% thinks that its a result of upbringing, due to which the people are gay or lesbian, and Others think that they are born as lesbian or gay. In American society, about 66% of the Americans think that the people choose themselves to live as gay or lesbian. About 20% of the Americans think that they are born as lesbian or gay. But overall, 58% of the people thinks that the homosexuality should be accepted as they thinks that its by birth, and 63% of the people think that it should not be accepted as they thinks that its just a choice of people of being gay or lesbian.Americans Contacts with HomosexualsIn Americans Society, different people have different views to share about their contacts with the homosexuals. And, 87% of the Americans are somehow in contacts with ones who are lesbian or gay. 23% of the Americans say that they know personally some people who are gay or lesbian. 61% of the Americans had gay or lesbian contacts (Views of Gay Man and Lesbians, Roots of Homosexuality, Personal Contacts with Gays, 2013).The contacts with gays and lesbians also differ in different religions. As 30 % of the religions say that they know some gays and lesbians, and Only 8 % says that they dont know any.LGBT Americans OpinionsLesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgender (LGBT) adults are asked the question and it has been found out tha t the society is accepting them as compared to past decades and more will accept it in upcoming decades (A Survey of LGBT Americans, 2013). And, 39% of the LGBT Americans say that they are not accepted by their families. 30% of the LGBT Americans say that they are attacked physically. 29% of the LGBT Americans say that they are not allowed to go at worship places. 21% of the LGBT Americans say that they are not treated fairly by their employees. 21% of the LGBT Americans say that they are the targets of jokes. Moreover, At the age of 17, the people gets the feel that they are homosexual, and at the age of 20, they share this information with their families.LGBT adults say that their acceptance is increasing as the time passes. But some of LGBT adults say that they still feels discrimination in the society. They said that they need more acceptance in mostly all the societies. Thus, their views needs to be focused on.Social Acceptance by American SocietyMost of the LGBT adults have sa id that they have got social acceptance and moreover, there is significant progress towards the social acceptance of LGBT adults. The study has been done to see the criteria of social acceptance. And 19% says that there is progress towards social acceptance of LGBT adults. 59% says that there is some (A Survey of LGBT Americans, 2013), and 21% says that there is no progress in socially accepting the LGBT adults.Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgender (LGBT) adults are more accepted by the American society as compared to past and others socities. But, still a more acceptance is needed, so that they dont feel any discrimination. According to some LGBT adults, they are accepted by most of the American society whereas some LGBT adults said that they need more acceptance in the American Society as they feel discriminants. The views of different LGBT adults are needs to kept in perspective. In compared to all other socities, Americans are found to be ore tolerant towards the lesbians, G ays, Bisexuals and Transgender (LGBT) adults than they al were in past decades. Only 2 out of 10 said they are not socially accepted as they are treated unfairly by the public, they are not either accepted by their own families, they are physically attacked, and moreover, they are the target of jokes.Religious BeliefIn opposition to the social acceptance of LGBT adults, Religious belief is an important factor (Religious Belief and Views of Homosexuality, 2013). everyplace the past decades, 47% to 60% of the Americans belief that the homosexuality should be accepted. While only 45% to 31 % of the Americans think that it should not be accepted.When the Americans who think that the homosexuality should not be accepted are asked why they feel so? Then 52% of them said that, homosexuality is against their religion. As Religion is a bouffant factor, due to which some Americans are against the homosexuality. Moreover, they belief that the homosexuality is traditionally wrong. But, there is only small percentage of Americans who think that the homosexuality is against their religion.58% of the Americans say that the homosexuality should br accepted by the alw and should be legal according to the laws. They said, it should be supported same as the traditional relations are supported.Thus, It has been notices that the lesbians are more accepted than gays in American Society, But overall, their acceptance in this society has been progressed.REFERENCESA Survey of LGBT Americans. (2013, June 13). Retrieved November 5, 2014, from http//www.pewsocialtrends.org http//www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/06/13/a-survey-of-lgbt-americans/Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2014, from http//cms.bsu.edu http//cms.bsu.edu/campuslife/counselingcenter/newsfooteritems/diversityresources/diversityinformationandlinks/glbtHarms, W. (2011, October 5). US VIEWS ON GAYS, LESBIANS cant SHARPLY. Retrieved November 5, 2014, from http//www.futurity.org http//www.futurity .org/us-views-on-gays-lesbians-shift-sharply/Religious Belief and Views of Homosexuality. (2013, June 6). Retrieved November 5, 2014, from http//www.people-press.org http//www.people-press.org/2013/06/06/section-3-religious-belief-and-views-of-homosexuality/Views of Gay Man and Lesbians, Roots of Homosexuality, Personal Contacts with Gays. (2013, June 6). Retrieved November 5, 2014, from http//www.people-press.org http//www.people-press.org/2013/06/06/section-2-views-of-gay-men-and-lesbians-roots-of-homosexuality-personal-contact-with-gays/

The Underground Railroad and Iowa: On the Road from Slavery to Freedom

The Underground Railroad and Iowa On the Road from Slavery to FreedomI looked at my hands to see if I was the equal person There was such a glory over everything. The sun came up like gold through the trees, and I felt like I was in Heaven. Harriet Tubman uttered these words when she arrived in Pennsylvania, a free woman at last ( field of study Geographic). Years later, when talking about the reasons she ran away, Ms. Tubman would state, There are two things I have a right to and these are Death and Liberty. One or the other I mean to have. No one will take me back alive (Americas Civil War, 42). While most research on the Underground Railroad focuses on the northern states, the state of Iowa played an essential role in the Railroad. Clinton, Iowa was a lot a runaways last stop before crossing the Mighty Mississippi River.The first documentation of the work Underground Railroad is from the stratum 1831 and in one case, attributed to the owner of a former slave, Tice David. David successfully gained freedom by traversing along small creeks, rivers, and dense woods and his owner finally gave up searching for him. Upon returning to Kentucky, Tice Davids former slave-owner announced, He must have gone on an underground road (Americas Civil War, 42). Another name given to the Underground Railroad was the Freedom Train (National Underground Railroad Freedom Center) and Harriet Tubman was inarguably one of the most famous conductors on this train, leading thousands of slaves to their freedom in the north. Since the formation of the Iowa Territory, the largest population group, settling in what would become Iowa, came from southern states. Because of this, early historians assumed that Iowa would tak... ...ng, 1983.Patrick, Kathy. Escaped Slaves on the Underground Railroad found welcome havens in Ohios Oberlin and Wellington. Americas Civil War Travel. May 1994 66 68.Harriet Tubman. forward-looking Standard Encyclopedia. Standard Educati on Corporation. Volume 17. Chicago 1994. (no author listed).National Geographic Web site March 28, 2002http//www.nationalgeographic.com/features/99/railroad/National Underground Railroad Freedom Center March 28, 2002http//www.undergroundrailroad.org/Underground Railroad. New Standard Encyclopedia. Standard Education Corporation. Volume 18. Chicago 1994. (no author listed).Wilmot, Franklin A. Disclosures and confessions of Frank A. Wilmot, the slave thief and Negro runner. Philadelphia Barclay & Co. 1860. Library of American Civilization. McIntyre Library, UWEC Campus. Eau Claire, WI.